Discursos de ódio em comentários sobre postagens de celebridades femininas brasileiras no TikTok: Reflexões para uma Educação Linguística e Digital Crítica

Abstract

Hate cannot be considered opinion and is not protected by freedom of expression. Hate speech on social networks is a relevant social phenomenon nowadays, mainly due to the reach provided by the internet and the economic and political interests that mediate it, even giving rise to several developments in “real life”. Thus, this theme demands further studies, since violence perpetrated through language oppresses, generates suffering, and ontributes to the creation and maintenance of an excluding society, which marginalizes bodies, identities, and existences, especially in social networks, in which hate gains a public dimension, feeding back into a cycle of validation and reproduction. Thus, through Critical Applied Linguistics, this study of interpretative nature and qualitative approach, brings cyberspace as a field of study: a virtual ethnographic research, based on a previous bibliographical survey, relying on classic studies on speech (BAKHTIN, 2006), in dialogue with works on hate speech (BRUGGER, 2007; LOURO, 2015; BUTLER, 2021) and hate speech on social networks (FLANNERY, 2021; TRINDADE, 2022); it explores “samples” of hate speech on TikTok, and presented critical perspectives of education (FRANK, 2021; PEREIRA, 2021), in contact with post-structuralist studies (FERRAZ; MENDES, 2021; LANDULFO; MATOS, 2022), de(s)colonial (BONFIM; SILVA; SILVA, 2021); metapragmatics (PINTO, 2019) and queer literacies (URZÊDA-FREITAS, 2020, 2021, 2022). Additionally, it also presents a documental analysis and a review of the most important Brazilian laws on the subject, seeking to outline a profile of the legal scenario that involves the practice of hate speech and, also, to present critical digital language education as a strategy of re-signification in practices on a path of emancipation and autonomy in which language, digitality, and education come together in search of a critical sense, respect for social diversity for a more peaceful and humane online coexistence. From language as a social practice, this research interprets comments made on videos posted on pages of female celebrities on TikTok, which reverberate hate speeches, thus reflecting the use of language in digital environments and the possibilities of a critical digital language education. Through the analysis and unveiling of power relations, asymmetries and processes of )legitimization of constructions and social subjects present in the social network studied, it is possible to note that, often, hateful comments are about attacks on the diversity of bodies (gender, sexuality, race, and ethnicity), identities and behaviors, many in an intersectional way, in a process of meaning constructed socially, culturally and historically, which needs reflection.